Foundation address holds Tier 1 authority — can veto proposals and escalate urgent items. UUPS upgrades require Foundation approval.

Active validators vote on Tier 2 and Tier 3 proposals. BFT quorum (3 of 4) is required for any protocol parameter change to pass.

Once a proposal reaches quorum, ValidatorGovernance.sol executes the change automatically — no privileged key, no manual relay.